1. Internal Grievance Redressal Mechanism

• Large Public Limited Companies typically have a dedicated Investor Grievance Cell or Shareholder Service Department.
  
• Grievances related to dividends, share transfers, dematerialization, non-receipt of annual reports, or communication lapses are handled here.
  
• Shareholders can submit complaints via email, phone, or postal communication, and receive a reference number for tracking.
  
• The Company Secretary oversees the resolution process, ensuring timely and fair redressal.
  

2. Stakeholders Relationship Committee (SRC)

• As per SEBI (LODR) Regulations, all listed public companies must form a Stakeholders Relationship Committee.
  
• The SRC monitors and addresses grievances of shareholders, debenture holders, and other investors.
  
• It periodically reviews complaint statistics, response timelines, and unresolved cases.
  
• It ensures the company complies with SEBI-mandated turnaround time for investor issues, typically within 30 days.
  

3. Registrar and Transfer Agent (RTA) Support

• Many companies appoint a Registrar and Transfer Agent to manage share-related functions on their behalf.
  
• RTAs handle grievances regarding physical share certificates, transmission of shares, name corrections, and KYC compliance.
  
• Shareholders can raise complaints directly with the RTA, which is obligated to respond promptly.
  

4. Escalation to SEBI SCORES Platform

• If the grievance is not resolved satisfactorily by the company, investors can escalate the issue to SEBI through its SCORES (SEBI Complaints Redress System) platform.
  
• SEBI forwards the complaint to the company, requiring a reply and resolution within 30 days.
  
• If unresolved, SEBI may initiate investigations or regulatory action against the company for non-compliance.
  

5. Legal and Regulatory Forums for Redressal

• For serious or unresolved grievances, shareholders may:
  
  • File a petition under Sections 241–242 of the Companies Act, 2013, before the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) for oppression or mismanagement.
    
  • Approach the Consumer Forum for service-related complaints.
    
  • Seek remedies in civil courts for contractual or financial disputes.
    
• These options are generally used when internal and regulatory redressal has failed.