Definition of Non-Repudiation

• Non-repudiation in Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) usage means that the signer cannot deny having signed a document or transaction.
  
• It provides proof of origin, identity, and intent of the signer.
  
• Once a DSC is used, the signature is cryptographically bound to the document.
  
• This clause ensures accountability and traceability of digital actions.
  
• It is a key legal and technical principle in digital authentication.
  

Purpose in Legal and Compliance Frameworks

• The non-repudiation clause is enforced under the Information Technology Act, 2000.
  
• It ensures that any act performed using a valid DSC is legally binding.
  
• It is accepted in courts as evidence of electronic agreement.
  
• This clause supports contracts, filings, and official approvals made online.
  
• It is essential for ensuring trust in e-governance and digital business.
  

How It Works Technically

• The DSC uses a private key that only the certificate holder possesses.
  
• When a document is signed, a unique digital signature is generated.
  
• The system can later verify this signature using the corresponding public key.
  
• If the private key was not compromised, only the owner could have signed it.
  
• This linkage makes the denial of authorship technically invalid.
  

Implications for the Signer

• The signer is fully responsible for any submission or agreement made using their DSC.
  
• Sharing the DSC or its password may result in legal consequences.
  
• If a dispute arises, the signer must prove loss or compromise of the DSC.
  
• This clause reinforces the importance of secure usage and storage of DSC tokens.
  
• Misuse of DSC may lead to revocation, penalties, or legal liability.
  

Relevance in Digital Transactions

• Non-repudiation ensures trust in digital tenders, tax filings, audit reports, and contracts.
  
• It prevents fraud by making signatures irrefutable and legally binding.
  
• It supports digital evidence in dispute resolution.
  
• Organizations rely on this clause to maintain accountability across digital workflows.
  
• It forms the basis of enforceable and secure electronic governance.